PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The concept of project management is not new as mega project were implemented since times immemorial. The project management in the modern times comprises of numbers of activities in order of priority and sequence, planning, resources management and budgeting. In the other words, principle of general management apply to project management. It is an art of getting works done through other people to achieve its objectives within the allocated budget, stipulated time and performance standards. This clearly includes that project management is flexible in using organizational resources and a system approach to achieve the objectives.
The project management m institute has defined project management as '' the art of directing and co-ordinating human and non- human resources throughout the life of the project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, time,cost, quality and participant satisfaction.''
Steps of project management-project management has following steps.

• Grouping activities-All related activities in a project are grouped together as a work package. These activities contribute to the same goals and are bound by definite time period, cost and performance.
• Fixing responsibility-The responsibility of the project activities are entrusted to single authority called project manager. The project manager co-ordinates,directs and exercises control over the project activities.
• Servicing the project-This means that the project has to be supported internally by establishing matrix organization.
• Negotiation-It refers to building commitments by means of negotiations, co-ordination, communication and direction to achieve the overall project objectives. In the process of negotiation time shedules ,budgets and contracts have to be agreed upon by the parties concerned.
• Execution of task-The task has to be completed within time shedules, budgets and predetermined specification and quality for the accomplishment of objectives.
  

CONTINGENCY THEORY OF MANAGEMENT

The contingency theory was developed by managers, consultant and researcher who tried to apply the theories and principles of the major schools to real life situation.It is based on the nation that proper management techniques in a given situation depends upon the nature and condition of that situation approach. This theory doesn't accept any single method of management.this theory believes that there may be different forms of management according to the situation.According to this theory the form of management is affected by the elements such as size,nature, situation, challenges etc of the business organization.This theory strongly maintains that there is not only one best way to solve the problems. It believes in 'no one best way to do things.The external environment elements remain out of the control of organization and they also cant be easily forecast.So the principle of management cant be equally applied in any and every situation.Different organization should use various ways to study problems, analyze and solve the problems according to the situation. this theory teaches to bring the principle of management in practice according to time and situation for the achievement of organizational goals.
CONTRIBUTION

• Contingency theory is practical and it is equally important for every organization.
• Contingency theory doesn't believe in 'one best way' so many methods and principles may be used in management om an organization according to time and situation. LIMITATION
  
• Every situation is unique so manager may not be able to analyze each and every situation.
• It is difficult to identify relevant contingency variable and determine their interrelationship.
  
• More human resources and financial resources is needed to scan the situation
  

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY

Scientific management theory was developed to solve the major problems,(1) how to increase the output of the average employees and (2) how to improve the efficiency of the management. This theory focuses on job. It is concerned with improving the performance of individuals workers. This theory was propounded by F. W Taylor. The essence of this theory is division of labour and to achieve specialization in work. Taylor divided each work in different sub division on the basis of time needed to complete any work, motion study and fatigue study. Doing so production cost decreased, quantity to quantity of product increased a lot. This principle gave emphasis on study of wage according to the work. As a result workers began to work hard with the hoping getting more wages. Taylor has given mire important to the improvement in working methods and environment, study of time, motion and fatigue study,effective working, making operational plan, scientific selection of employees, training programme for them etc. Some the basic features of this theory are scientific selection and training of employees, specialization in work, harmony between management & employees & time and motion study.
Principle of scientific management theory

1. Division of labour - Applied division of labour system to increase skill of employees and specialization in work.
2. Training for workers - The workers are supposed as machine. As the good machine need repairs and lubricants, workers also need training.
3. One best way - It accepts only one methods to being effectiveness in work such as study of time and motion scientifically.
4. Harmony - Management and workers remain harmonic environment. Management and workers have common interest i.e productivity and profit.
   

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Management information system is an important, effective and widely used method for effective control. It provides right information to all levels of management at right time. management information system was developed at the second phase of the development of information management. It collects information according to the need and desire of the managers, organizes the received information and distributed them. This is modern computerized information system.
According to John R Schumann-''A management information system collects, organizes and distributes data in a such way that is meets the information need of management.''
management information system is an important system of information management. This system was developed to provide necessary information to the management. It provides necessary, correct & reliable information to the concerned manager at reasonable cost at right time. So it has an important role in collecting information, organizes them and distribute to the concerned persons and when needed.
Components of management information system,
The major components of management information system are as follows.

1. Data gathering- the important and necessary data for conducting a business organization are collected from both internal and external sources and are incorporated within the system.
2. data storage- The task of storing data is an important elements of management information system. It stores the collected data incorporation within the system.
3. Data transformation- After storing the collected data, they are transformed into useful information with the help of computer software programme.
4. Information utilization- After the data have been transformed into useful information with the help of computer software, they are used in taking different decision. Following are the major characteristics of management information system.

• Management information system classifies information and data by which only those data or information which are necessary can be studied for taking any decision.
• Management information system encourages using tables, graphs and charts by which it becomes easy to present information.
• Management information system is flexible and can be changed according to the changing of environment.
  

MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Although management and administration are used as synonyms words, they are not so. They have their own meaning. Their roles are also totally different. The process of making working plans according to the policy and objectives formed by administration is called management. Management implements the policies and programmes. It makes arrangement of means and resources and utilizes them effectively to achieve certain goals.It co-ordinates different activities.it is operative not ideological.

The process of forming policies and programme of a business organization is called administration. The formulation of chain of command and control according to the policies is also included in administration. the administration gives direction, guidance and leadership. It It works as ideology. There are two views about management and administration.they are as follows.

• British school of thought-According to this view, the word management covers a wide areas but the words administration covers a little meaning. The important function such as planning, policy making, co-ordinating, controlling etc come under management. according to this view administration is one of the part of management itself. Only the function of planning and controlling come under administration.So management is great work, it covers wider as well as more important areas but the administration is only a part of management. Administration falls under management but management doesn't come under administration. This view has classified management into two categories. They are administrative management and operative management.
  
• American school of thought-According to this view administration is high level function whereas management is lower level. The important function such as planning,organizing, policy making, controlling etc come under administration. But the task of implementing such plans, policies and programmes come under management. Generally management conducts daily functions. so administration is ideological work but the management is functional.

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

After the organization takes decision to enhance the quality of its products, another decision should be taken, how to implement the decision. The quality of goods and services is an important issues which all the business organization have to face. Total quality management is the entire effort made by an organization to enhance the quality of goods and services. The total quality management pays special attention to satisfy the wants of costumers. The total quality management creates committed culture within the organization for regular improvement in all sectors.

Components of total quality management.

following are the major components of TQM.

1. Strategic commitment- Total quality management is the commitment made by high management. It becomes important for many reasons. Such commitment takes quality as the goals of the organization but not as an ideal.
2. Employees involvement- Employees involvement is the another important components of total quality management. The management should give right job to right persons and make them responsible for the job. Training should be given them as needed because it is decisive factors to bring improvement in goods and services.
3. Materials- The other important factors of total quality management is materials. The quality of product depends upon the quality of raw materials used in production. If the materials of high quality, the quality of products also becomes higher.
4. Technology- New technology also becomes useful in total quality management. High level technology produces high quality goods and services and maintains uniformity and reliability.
5. Methods- The another important components of total quality management is methods. Improved methods increases quality of goods and services. The operating system used in process of transforming raw materials into finished goods id called method.

TEAM MANAGEMENT

The group of mutually dependent on one another person for achievement of certain goal is called team. Team creates feeling of co-operation, increases flexibility, gives agreement to managers for strategic management takes benefits from work force and increases work efficiency.

According to Rabbins & Coulter-''work teams are formal group made up of interdependent individuals, who are responsible for the attaining of a goals.''

In conclusion the formal group formed to develop product, solve problems and to perform effectively other organizational function is called team.The team has an important role in taking strategic decisions and making the decision quick and effective.

TYPES OF TEAM

There are various types of team, among them major types of team are as foll owes.

1. Problem solving team- The team formed to by an organization for the purpose of problem solving is called problem solving team.This team hold meeting for discussion at least once a week. This team plays an important role to improve quality of goods and services.
2. Virtual team- virtual team is temporary network formed by an organization. this team keeps contact with different sides of organizations through information technology. This team becomes able to identify changing opportunities and utilize them. The working boundary of such team is vast.
3. Cross functional team- The team formed of same level employees representing different departments for performance of special task is called cross functional team. The members of such team becomes experts of different sectors.
4. Self managed team- The spontaneously formed team is called self managed team. This team makes routine for works, gives responsibilities to work, takes operational decision and bears the responsibilities to solve the problems.